Effect of Rare Earths on Alumina Ceramics
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U.S. natural gas futures rose about 5 percent to a near nine-week high as global energy prices surged on concerns over a pricing plan for energy exports, keeping U.S. LNG export demand near record highs. U.S. natural gas prices have risen despite forecasts of mild weather and lower-than-expected demand, which will allow utilities to fill up storage facilities next week. On Wednesday, Germany launched an emergency plan to manage gas supplies in Europe's largest economy. If natural gas supplies are interrupted or stopped, the German government could take unprecedented steps to limit electricity supply.
Affected by the increase in the price of natural gas, the price of the aluminum oxide will also increase.
Aluminum oxide ceramic has the characteristics of high mechanical strength, high hardness, wear and corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, light weight, and good insulation. Alumina is widely used in textile, coal, petroleum, chemical, electronics, construction and other industries. It is a low-cost and widely used ceramic material.
However, the toughness of pure alumina ceramic is poor, and its strength and wear resistance need to be improved, which limits its application field to be further broadened. The synergistic modification of multi-phase has become the research direction to improve the mechanical properties and wear resistance of alumina ceramics.
Rare earth elements have special electronic structure, and the modified alumina has important applications in catalytic materials, ceramic materials and other industries.
The radius of rare earth cations is much larger than that of aluminum ions, and the difference in ion radius makes them difficult to dissolve, so rare earth elements mainly exist on the grain boundary of alumina, and the rare earth oxides with glass network structure are large and difficult to move, which hinders the migration of other ions, reduces the migration rate of grain boundaries, restrains the abnormal growth of grains and makes the structure compact. Rare earth oxides doped with grain boundary glass phase can improve the strength of glass phase and enhance the mechanical properties of ceramics. The more rare earth oxides are added, the more obvious the effect of reducing the sintering temperature is, but the excessive addition will make the mechanical properties of ceramics worse.
Effect of rare Earth elements on Microstructure of Alumina Ceramics
After doping nanometer lanthanum oxide, nanometer yttrium oxide and nanometer cerium oxide, the grain size of ceramics will decrease, indicating that rare earth oxides can refine the grains. However, with the increase of rare earth oxide content, the ceramic grain size increases gradually, at the same time, the liquid phase content also increases gradually. This phenomenon may be explained as follows: because the ion radius of rare earth ions is much larger than that of aluminum ions, rare earth ions hardly dissolve in alumina and mainly exist in the glass phase of grain boundary. At the same time, rare earth oxides with glass network structure hinder the migration of ions, inhibit grain growth and refine grains, but excessive addition of rare earth oxides will increase liquid phase volume, reduce liquid phase viscosity, promote ion migration and make grains grow excessively. The grain size becomes larger.
Effect of rare Earth elements on hardness of Alumina Ceramics
The hardness of alumina ceramics doped with rare earth oxides such as nanometer lanthanum oxide and nanometer yttrium oxide increases at first and then decreases with the increase of content. The possible reason for this phenomenon is that the addition of appropriate amount of rare earth oxides can refine the grains, increase the amount of liquid phase, fill the grain gaps, increase the density and hardness, but with the excessive addition of rare earth oxides, the negative effects of grain size and interstitial increase on density and hardness can not be offset, showing that the hardness decreases gradually.
Effect of rare Earth elements on friction and Wear Properties of Alumina Ceramics
It is found that the worn surface of alumina ceramic goes through four processes: the fracture and pull-out of grains, the formation of friction layer, the increase of friction layer area and crack. The grains shedding off alumina ceramic during wear will remain on the friction interface. A smooth friction layer is formed under the action of surface stress. The friction layer is composed of two kinds of wear debris, which can reduce the wear rate of ceramics. The wear mechanism of alumina ceramics is mainly abrasive wear, and an appropriate amount of rare earth oxide doping can improve the wear resistance of alumina ceramics.
Effect on relative density of alumina ceramics
It is found that the relative density of alumina ceramics doped with Y2O3 and CeO2 increases at first and then decreases with the difference of doping amount. At the same time, it is found that the relative density of alumina ceramics with Y2O3 is lower than that of alumina doped with CeO2 and La2O3. It may be because:
The radius of rare earth ions is large, so it is difficult to form solid solution with alumina, which mainly exists in liquid phase, which reduces the viscosity of liquid phase. At the same time, rare earth oxides can promote the chemical reaction of alumina with other additive components and increase the amount of liquid phase. The addition of a small amount of rare earth oxides is beneficial to the formation of liquid phase, accelerate the elimination of pores and improve the density of ceramics.
In addition, the addition of rare earth oxides with high melting point increases the sintering temperature of ceramics, while rare earth ions have a larger ion radius, which hinders the migration of other ions. Excessive addition of rare earth oxides is not conducive to ceramic sintering and reduces the degree of densification.
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Maximo Pacheco, chairman of Codelco, Chile's state copper company, said in a recent interview that he expects copper prices to remain 'very strong in the future,' despite the recent drop. Codelco is the world's largest copper producer.
Copper prices suffered their biggest weekly drop in a year this week on concerns that tightening policy by central banks will dampen global growth and reduce demand for industrial metals. With its wide range of industrial and construction uses, copper prices are often seen as a bellwether of economic activity.
London copper closed at $8,325 a tonne on Friday after touching $8,122.50 a tonne, down 25 per cent from its Peak in March and its lowest level since February 2021. In addition to copper, other industrial metals also fell sharply. Tin, for example, fell nearly 15% at one point on Friday, bringing its losses for the week to about 25%.
"We may be in a temporary short-term turbulence, but what is important is the fundamentals and the balance of supply and demand [currently] looks very favourable for those of us with copper reserves," Mr. Pacheco said. Chile is the world's largest copper producer.
Mr. Pacheco adds that in a world where copper is the best conductor and there are not many new reserves, copper prices look very strong because the future is very favourable for electrification.
Luoyang Tongrun Nano Technology is a trusted chemical supplier and manufacturer providing high-quality chemicals and Nanomaterials. If you are looking for the aluminum oxide, please feel free to contact us and send an inquiry.
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